INKRAH Encyclopedia
Knowledge for Justice, Science, and Life — Scientia potentia est: knowledge, once shared, belongs to no one and everyone.
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Somasi (Formal Legal Summons)
A somasi is a formal written demand, usually sent by a lawyer, requiring a party to perform an obligation or stop an unlawful act within a…
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Legal Opinion
A legal opinion is a formal written statement by a lawyer setting out conclusions on specific legal questions, often relied upon in…
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Class Action
A class action is a lawsuit in which one or more representatives sue on behalf of a larger group of people who share common questions of…
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Provisional Measures and Conservatory Attachment
Provisional measures are court orders granted before final judgment to preserve assets or the status quo, such as an injunction or a…
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Default Judgment (Verstek)
A default judgment, called verstek in Indonesian civil procedure, is a judgment given against a defendant who fails to appear after being…
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Precedent (Stare Decisis)
Stare decisis is the doctrine that courts should follow the legal principles laid down in earlier decisions of higher courts when deciding…
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Intellectual Property
Intellectual property is the collective term for legal rights protecting creations of the mind, such as copyright, patents, trade marks and…
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Personal Data Protection
Personal data protection is the body of law governing how information that identifies individuals may be collected, used, stored and…
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Gratification and Bribery
Bribery is the offering or acceptance of an undue advantage to influence the conduct of a public official; in Indonesia, gifts to officials…
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Money Laundering
Money laundering is the process of concealing the illicit origin of criminal proceeds so that they appear to come from a legitimate source.
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Insider Trading
Insider trading is dealing in securities on the basis of material, non-public information, or passing such information to others, in breach…
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Mortgage over Land (Hak Tanggungan)
Hak tanggungan is the Indonesian security right over land and buildings attached to it, giving the secured creditor priority and a…
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Fiduciary Security (Jaminan Fidusia)
Fiduciary security is a security right over movable property, and certain immovable property, in which ownership is transferred to the…
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Bankruptcy and PKPU
Bankruptcy is the general attachment of an insolvent debtor's assets for the benefit of creditors; PKPU is a court-supervised suspension of…
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Authentic Deed (Notarial Deed)
An authentic deed is a document drawn up in the legally prescribed form by or before an authorised public official, such as a notary, and…
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Power of Attorney
A power of attorney is a legal instrument by which one person authorises another to act on their behalf in specified legal or financial…
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Mediation
Mediation is a voluntary, confidential process in which a neutral mediator helps disputing parties negotiate their own settlement.
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Arbitration
Arbitration is a private method of dispute resolution in which the parties agree to submit their dispute to one or more arbitrators whose…
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Ne Bis in Idem
Ne bis in idem, known in common law as the rule against double jeopardy, prohibits a person from being tried or punished twice for the same…
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Nullum Crimen Sine Lege
Nullum crimen sine lege is the principle of legality in criminal law: no act is a crime, and no punishment may be imposed, unless a law in…
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Lex Superior Derogat Legi Inferiori
Lex superior derogat legi inferiori is the principle that a higher-ranking legal norm prevails over a conflicting lower-ranking norm.
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Lex Posterior Derogat Legi Priori
Lex posterior derogat legi priori is the principle that a later law prevails over an earlier law of the same rank where the two conflict.
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Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generali
Lex specialis derogat legi generali is the interpretive principle that a specific rule prevails over a general rule governing the same…
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Legal Certainty
Legal certainty is the principle that the law must be clear, stable and predictable, so that people can know their rights and obligations…
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